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He showed no evidence of memory problems. He greeted the authors cordially and spoke openly and enthusiastically. His comprehension and fluency in English were relatively facile but most of the interviews with him were conducted in his native languages, Balinese and Indonesian.

He regarded Bayung Gede as culturally different from the plains villages but similar in most respects to a number of other villages in the same general mountain area about which he was knowledgeable. He did not say that the people of Bayung Gede were slow in intellectual response but admitted they had a limited ability to communicate about themselves and were unable to explain the reasons for or meaning of aspects of their culture. At that time none of the villagers were formally educated.

Kaler said that the villagers of Bayung Gede had difficulty in understanding Mead because she was 'not fluent' in the language of Bayung Gede, which was Balinese in the 1930s, as it is primarily today.' Villagers of Bayung Gede speak a stratified language, using higher levels well, unlike the inhabitants of some mountain villages who are unable to dot this. Mead never mentioned translators except in a letter written home in which she said Kaler translated anything Balinese (and Dutch and Malay) that he was given ; in her publications she always referred to him as a secretary

His assistance was undoubtedly one reason she spoked of him as a godsend. Only a person raised in Bali could master the complex Balinese language, with its multiple levels of discourse and diversity. Kaler's translations of Balinese into English were of the 'Dutch English' he knew and not American English. Bateson and Mead's translation from Dutch English into the American idiom would present an opportunity for further distortion2, particularly in aspects of psychology. It is easy to understand how words of emotion such as fear (takut), and worry (takut), and shame (lek) could be misinterpreted in the translation process. Mead pointed out that translation is a classic stumbling block for ethnology.It was observed that many of the children of Bayung Gede manifested infections of various types, including rhinitis, purulent infections, bronchitis, skin disease (i.e., scabies and pyoderma), and many appeared clinically ill from ascariasis (round worm infestation). Kaler commented that sickness was even. more prevalent in Bayung Gede at the time of the study. In. Bali, symptomatic ascariasis afflicts primarily infants and children up to the ages of about 6-10 years; in 1989, about 80 per cent of this age group was affected by the disease It is manifested by a characteristic apathetic facies, malnutrition, often a protruding abdomen, and behavioral changes of irritability and lethargy. Bateson and Mead were apparently unaware of the general chronic ill health of the children. Possibly this factor accounted for their the children were slow in response and movement It is apparent from their photos and films that most of the infants and young children were ill.5 However, neither physical illness nor slowness is apparent in the adults in their films.

Bateson and Mead also reported a relatively frequent occurrence of goitre (15 per cent) in the adults of Bayung Gede, which led them erroneously to believe that the entire population manifested hypothyroidism, with consequent slowness of intellectual response and movement Goitre was endemic in the Kintamani area in the era of the original study and there was still the prevalence in 1989. However, clinical hypothyroidism is generally not present in goitre Conditions on bali. Furthermore, it is not possible that a majority of inhabitants in a goitre area would suffer from hypothyroidism . It is true that symptomatic hypothyroidism can result in lethargy and depression with accompanying slowness, but it is unlikely that more than a small number of people could be so affected. For Bayung Gede, the authors observed about 10 adults with goitre who did not show signs of hypothyroidism. Bateson and Mead's lack of medical training would account for their failure to recognize chronic illness in children and misinterpret the consequences of goitre.

Mead wrote that her nursing of Karba (her favorite child at Bayung Gede) through fevers of teething saved him from an early death, which had claimed all his brothers and sisters (Med and Mac Gregor, 1951).

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