Story of Bali, Indonesia

In method, the approach to national personality, character, or basic personality rests on the cultural deductive principle ... that is, the analyst first prepares an ethnographic description and then infers from the ethnographic data the intrapsychic structures of the members of the society. Generally the maintenance system of the culture-the essential economic institutions of the kinship, political, education structures dependent thereon-is considered to be responsible for determining the nature of the basic personality structure.

['The] basic motivational structure is assumed to be learned, usually in infancy and early childhood; later experience, however, and especial stressful experience, may lead to the development or use, of various institutionalized mechanisms such as religious belief and ritual.

The authors concur with these viewpoints: that individual Balinese learn character traits from example and teaching, growing up in the family and the community, and by participation in the community.

As such, many of the character traits of an individual are shaped primarily by learning.8 People growing up in Bali have the character traits that they have because of the cultural environment (i.e., parents, family, and community) in which they grow up. This is consistent with the concept of 'cultural determinism' as set forth by Mead, but it does not disavow the possibility that some character traits, such as shyness and aggression, are partially determined by genetic and even biologic components. There is evidence, for example, that shyness has a genetic basis and that, since teenage males become more aggressive after puberty, they may be responding to developmental biologic (e.g., hormonal) factors.

Cultures are unquestionably characterized by behaviours and Practices, or customs, many of which give each culture its distinctive quality.9 For example, suppose it is stated that in Bali most individuals and groups go into trance easily and that hypnotizability is a characteristic of the Balinese (a hypothesis as yet unproven).

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