| Story
of Bali, Indonesia
Cock-fights
and temple offering ceremonies illustrated the latter.
Patterns of emotional expression of Balinese help one
understand aspects of the culture and of individuals
in health and illness. Emotional expression in children
was briefly examined. Bateson and Mead's conclusions
that the Balinese are emotionally withdrawn and cut
off from interpersonal relationships were refuted. Two
examples of culture-related mental disorders in Bali
illustrated the relationship between symptoms, culture,
and patterns or ways of handling emotion. Data were
presented on frequencies of symptoms noted by patients
with minor psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety and
depression) which indicate the major roles of emotions.
Some
cock-fights do not end with a kill but terminate in
a drawn-out fight.
In their own villages, the children can be boisterous,
lively, and emotionally aggressive in peer play (e.g..
in soccer and tag).
Galungan, every six months (210 days), based on the
Balinese calendar.
The elderly subjects gave a number of reasons for their
symptoms, including physical illness, low finances decreased
memory, loneliness without family, decreased physical
abilities, and feelings of loss of respect.
Bali
has a consistent history of gradual and harmonious assimilation
of the intrusive influences of other cultures. Rarely
have threats to stability resulted in unusual mass action
or violence. In 1939, the police interrogated foreigners
about their private lives and homosexual practices and
jailed some, including artist Walter Spies in a movement
that affected other Pacific Rim countries. An episode
of mass violence involving multitudes of Balinese citizens
throughout the island, as well as other parts of Indonesia
occurred in response to threats of a communist takeover
of the government of Indonesia in 1965.
Changes along with evidence of stability are evident
at present. Increasingly, major economic strength is
held by Chinese merchants, Javanese, and capital investors
from outside Indonesia. However, locally the Balinese
Hindu maintains political and administrative control
as much as ever. Although materialism has increasingly
affected the Balinese, especially the younger generation,
and television programming has had its effects, these
still happen within the context of the conservative
forces of the culture. Balinese youth may wear Western
jeans and aspire to a motorcycle or a ear with stereo
speakers, but they still wear the traditional sarong
when they eagerly attend traditional drama and dances
presented at traditional local sites, even in the popular
tourist cities of Ubud and Kuta Beach.
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