The singing of the Toradja sounds monotonous, as it is restricted to the compass of a few notes. The singer is usually accompanied on three one-stringed lutes, played with a bow, their resonators being made from coconut -Shall or of wood. In addition there are bamboo flutes, short transverse flutes as well as longer ones. As one would expect, these instruments arc magnificently engraved, and also decorated with poker-work in the old style. The vertical flutes often have a resonating cone made of buffalo horn.

Finally one may mention the bamboo 'buzzer' which we came across on Nias Island.

In Minahassa, just as on northern Nias, everything in the way of native art has disappeared. Here, too, when Christianity was introduced, the missionaries failed to appreciate that a culture call be de bamboo 'buzzer' which we came across stroyed, but it cannot be artificially rebuilt. Of the little that has survived, one may mention the harvest songs for four voices or m sung polyphonically.

Wherever Christianity became established in Celebes, the bam transverse flute with four, five or six holes is generally to be found is often played by schoolchildren. This instrument originates Ambon in the south Moluccas, Christianity was introduced here' early as the sixteenth century by the Portuguese, and was later spread further in Protestant form by the Dutch.

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